In recent years, children's lives have become increasingly intertwined with digital technologies such as smartphones, tablets, and online platforms. While these devices offer significant advantages in terms of education, entertainment, and communication, they have also introduced a new psychological concern known as nomophobia or the fear or anxiety of being without a mobile phone or being unable to use it. Although originally observed among adults, nomophobia is now becoming alarmingly prevalent in children and adolescents, manifesting in troubling behavioural and psychological patterns.
The global Covid-19 pandemic acted as a catalyst, accelerating children's dependence on mobile phones. With lockdowns, school closures, and social distancing, children turned to smartphones for learning, social interaction, and leisure. However, this surge in screen time also resulted in excessive usage, leading to symptoms of craving, irritability, restlessness, and anxiety when the devices were taken away, hallmarks of nomophobia. The psychological dependency on constant connectivity has had wide-ranging impacts on children's development and mental health. One of the most extensively documented consequences of excessive screen use is childhood obesity. Studies have confirmed a direct correlation between increased screen time and a higher body mass index in children. Sedentary behaviour, coupled with exposure to food-related advertisements, late-night snacking, and reduced physical activity, are major contributors. Moreover, inadequate sleep is a side effect of screen use which alters hormone levels that regulate hunger and satiety, further promoting weight gain.
Sleep disturbance is another critical issue. The blue light emitted from screens suppresses melatonin production, disrupting the body's natural sleep-wake cycle. Children who use devices close to bedtime often experience delays in falling asleep, nighttime awakenings, and poorer sleep quality. Exposure to violent or emotionally stimulating content before bed can exacerbate these issues, causing fear, anxiety, and restlessness. Physical health is also impacted by prolonged digital use. Visual and postural problems such as digital eye strain, headaches, dry eyes, and blurred vision are increasingly common. Poor posture during device use leads to neck, shoulder, and wrist pain, especially among children who spend long hours on smartphones or laptops. The American Optometric Association has identified a disease called "Computer Vision Syndrome" as a growing concern among young users.
Excessive screen exposure can impair cognitive and emotional development, particularly in younger children. Background television and adult-directed content reduce the quality of parent-child interaction, hinder sustained play, and negatively affect language and executive functioning. Older children and adolescents who consume violent media may display increased aggression, decreased empathy, and even long-term behavioural changes. Interestingly, more than three hours of screen time in those under three years shows a 20% increase of reduced attention span at seven years. But, one hour of storytelling and museum visits in those under three years shows a 30% reduction in attention deficit in school going children.
Social media platforms introduce additional risks, especially concerning body image and mental health. Children and adolescents often compare themselves to others based on likes, comments, and followers. This constant need for external validation can result in low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Early screen exposure has also been linked to attention-related problems and academic difficulties later in life. Perhaps one of the most disturbing consequences of digital overuse is cyberbullying, often facilitated by social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok. Cyberbullying has a more profound psychological impact than traditional bullying and has been linked to depression, substance use, and even suicidal ideation. The anonymous nature of online interactions often emboldens harmful behaviour, which can go undetected without vigilant parental monitoring.
The pandemic not only increased screen time but also widened the educational and digital divide. While some children had access to high-speed internet and private learning spaces, others struggled without proper devices or a conducive environment for online learning. This inequality added to the stress on families and contributed to emotional distress in children, who often used smartphones for entertainment and social escape. Despite the risks, it is important to acknowledge that digital media, when used responsibly and in moderation, can have positive outcomes. For children over the age of two, co-viewing digital content with parents can enhance language development and learning. Educational apps and games can foster abstract thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills. For adolescents, digital platforms can be a source of emotional support and a tool for maintaining friendships.
However, prevention and control are key. Parents and educators must set clear boundaries around screen time and be involved in their children's digital lives. Parental control tools, screen time monitoring, and content filtering are useful strategies. Regular breaks, physical activity, and outdoor play should be encouraged. Children should be taught to self-regulate their screen use and understand the consequences of digital overdependence. To reduce the risk of eye strain, it is recommended that screen use not exceed four continuous hours, and breaks should be taken every 20 minutes. Screens should be kept at least 12 to 14 inches from the eyes, and environments should be well-lit. Blue light filters and screen protectors can also be used, especially during nighttime use.
In conclusion, nomophobia among children is a growing concern with significant implications for their physical, emotional, and cognitive development. While technology is an invaluable tool, its overuse can lead to dependency, behavioural issues, and psychological distress. A collaborative effort by parents, educators, and healthcare professionals is essential to ensure that children develop a balanced and healthy relationship with digital media, one that promotes growth without compromising well-being.
(Prof. Sathiadas is a Consultant Paediatrician attached to the Teaching Hospital in Jaffna, and Dr. Basnayake is working at the same hospital)
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The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect those of this publication