• Snr. journo & author who covered the organised crime phenomenon since its heyday, Anura Horatious claims that the trad. underworld is in disarray, caught between the devil and the deep blue sea in the form of custodial deaths & internecine rivalries
• Mediating this chaos is the hybrid underworld of politicos, security forces, Govt. officials, sports figures, singers, models, thespians, business folk, legal professionals, & heads of public/pvt. sectors using brains & tech. over brawn 

Sri Lanka has been gripped by a wave of violence, with innumerable shootings carried out by figures entrenched in the underworld (euphemism for organised crime), linked to organised crime and drug trafficking during the past few months. The launch of the Yukthiya (Justice) operation aimed to bring these culprits to justice, thereby eliminating organised crime and the drug menace. Against this backdrop, the recent murder of businessman Surendra Wasantha Perera, also known as Club Wasantha, in Athurugiriya, has reignited public discourse about the underworld's grip on the nation.

Senior journalist Anura Horatious, who first introduced the term 'underworld' to the Sri Lankan media, has been pivotal in unveiling the complex saga of this criminal domain. In an exclusive interview with The Daily Morning, he described the emergence of a 'hybrid underworld' — a new force sustaining the traditional criminal underworld, which he argues is now in a state of decline. His insights trace the evolution and struggles of the underworld since the 1980s, painting a vivid picture of its impact on contemporary society.

Following are excerpts from the interview:

How do you define the 'underworld'?

In the 1980s, areas near Colombo such as Narahenpita, Kirulapana, Thotalanga and Orugodawatta were in a severely underdeveloped state. These neighbourhoods were filled with shacks lacking basic facilities, and many residents worked in menial jobs for institutions like the Local Government Body. Others earned a living through fruit trading, wallet snatching, and prostitution. The children in these areas rarely had access to proper education and, from a young age, often joined the moonshine (kasippu) business to earn money. The production of kasippu was initially a clandestine activity, but, after 1986, it escalated into a thriving business. Kasippu producers began receiving political patronage, especially during the 1988-1989 period, when Government politicians sought to suppress various dissident groups. Kasippu producers were recruited for these suppression campaigns and were armed with rudimentary weapons like flintlocks, swords, knives, and even improperly made pistols and bombs (dappi). Politicians later provided them with modern weaponry, including Type-56 assault rifles, repeaters, and grenade bombs. These thugs were also given official titles such as Gramodaya Board Chairman and Justice of the Peace – further legitimising their authority. Prisoners serving life sentences were released under Presidential pardons, contributing to the large-scale expansion of the kasippu business. The Government's support was so extensive that State emblazoned vehicles and Police were used to transport kasippu. This extensive political and logistical backing laid the foundation for the establishment of the underworld. Concurrently, the sale and use of heroin also began.

What are the factors influencing the emergence and expansion of underground activities?

It is primarily influenced by two main factors: the country's economy, specifically the unequal distribution of resources, and politics. These two factors have exacerbated the problem. What often happens is that there is a demand for drugs in society. Different groups bring drugs to Sri Lanka, and distribute and sell them in a way that suits the demand. Organised murders and other crimes are often committed with political support to sustain these networks. In addition, individuals from lower social and economic strata frequently join the underworld, driven by the lack of family support, the limited scope of education in schools, and the focus of religious institutions on large-scale construction projects and devotion, rather than improving the people's lives. As a result, many people are tempted to earn money through any means, becoming pawns for politicians, businessmen, and even underworld figures who exploit their vulnerabilities.

What are the differences in the underworld activities, when you first reported on and now?

The underworld in Sri Lanka has changed a lot since I first reported on it in the 1980s. The recent murder of Perera shows that a new kind of underworld, which I call the 'hybrid underworld', now supports the traditional one. Today, many underworld figures are in a tough spot, with some dying in Police custody and others killed in fights among themselves. In the middle of this chaos, a different group is keeping the underworld alive. This group includes high-ranking politicians, Government officials, sportsmen, singers, models, actresses, businessmen, legal professionals, and heads of public and private sectors. These people form the hybrid underworld. Unlike the traditional underworld that uses physical strength and weapons, the hybrid underworld uses brains and technical skills. They provide the traditional gangs with the knowledge and expertise that they need. The old image of an underworld figure as a tattooed, bearded person with a gun, is now outdated. Today, even top Government officials are involved in the hybrid underworld. These people appear respectable on the surface, but, they are secretly involved in criminal activities. The well-known underworld figures today such as Kanjipani Imran are like 'Billy boys' controlled by this hybrid underworld. I believe that 'Club Wasantha' was targeted by this hybrid underworld.

If Club Wasantha is a victim of the hybrid underworld, what could be the reason?

He had a network of over 50,000 friends, including individuals from the politics, defence, and business sectors. His network was like a package offering many benefits, and many people used him to advance their interests. Although they didn't truly associate with him as friends, he publicly referred to them as friends. Just days before his death, he claimed that he could expose everything about many if he wanted to. This statement likely decided his fate, as those involved understood that such revelations, especially with a Presidential Election on the horizon, could cause substantial issues. Therefore, I believe that he was killed under the instructions of the hybrid underworld to prevent any potential exposure.

How do you broadly define the 'hybrid underworld'?

It comprises individuals who conduct business and various other illegal activities through indirect means. For example, a businessman wanting to import illegal alcohol into the country would do so through people connected to or associated with the underworld, without directly getting involved. Similarly, in the pharmaceutical drug mafia, those involved in importing and distributing such utilise underworld connections to carry out these activities. In the 1980s, the underworld did not have such extensive connections. Today however, the links between underworld figures and high-ranking individuals are so strong that many arrested underworld figures are killed while in Government custody. This is because detaining and interrogating them could reveal information that implicates individuals at the highest levels of society. The relevant agencies often find themselves unable to arrest these high-ranking individuals. As a result, these institutions work to cover up these events by any means necessary, ensuring that the connections between the underworld and the upper echelons of society remain hidden.

How has the administrative structure of underworld groups changed compared to the past?

Before 1988-1989, the underworld was dominated by a figure known as the 'godfather'. This individual commanded the underworld groups, leading planned robberies and extortions. During this period, all gangs typically had one leader, but, members were permitted to engage in various illegal activities, such as the production of kasippu, running brothels, and selling weapons. The 'godfather' would receive a portion of the income from all these enterprises. By the end of 1989, the underworld landscape shifted as multiple 'godfathers' emerged, each ruling different areas like Kolonnawa, Wellampitiya, Rajagiriya, and Narahenpita. This led to disputes and conflicts among them, resulting in numerous deaths. The administrative structure of the underworld became disorganised; there was no central leadership, coherent plan, or mutual understanding of the operations. This disarray weakened the underworld, making it vulnerable to Police actions. Many key figures were arrested, and some died in Police encounters. In response to this weakened state, the hybrid underworld emerged. This new form of underworld operates differently, focusing on intellectual and technical strategies to maintain and expand its influence, filling the power vacuum left by the disorganised traditional underworld.

A Presidential Election is to be held soon. How do you see the potential influence of underworld activities on it?

Based on my experience with the underworld, the upcoming Presidential Election could be very important for the hybrid underworld’s survival. Politicians involved might try to establish a regime where they can operate freely, and they might go to extreme lengths to make this happen. As a result, we might be able to see very controversial events leading up to the Election. There is a real risk that the country could spiral into chaos with unrest and disturbances. Everyone needs to be very careful as the hybrid underworld might try to influence the Election by threatening key political leaders. Therefore, it’s important for politicians to be extra cautious. Instead of holding large rallies, which could be risky, they better focus on building a strong social media campaign through their party members. Isn't it safer than risking attacks from the underworld? For example, consider the recent shooting of former United States President Donald Trump. The shooter was quickly killed by the Police, which prevented further investigation into the attack’s background. Even though they know who did it, the reasons and connections remain hidden now. The same kind of situation could happen in Sri Lanka, so it’s important for political leaders and the public to stay alert.

How do you see the ongoing operation 'Yukthiya' to eradicate organised crime and drug trafficking?

The Yukthiya operation was launched with the main goal of cracking down on the underworld. The subject Minister (Public Security Minister Tiran Alles) has said that no underworld gang member can escape and that they should surrender. This action is something that the society demands because the underworld has become a serious threat, with people fearing for their safety. However, I believe that even if the Police use all their resources, it won’t be enough to stop the hybrid underworld that has formed. To truly address the problem, a comprehensive plan is needed. This plan should start with cleaning up the political system and improving governance in all areas. Only with a strong and clean system can an operation like this be successful. Right now, the Yukthiya operation is only arresting people identified as underworld figures and drug dealers, but, many young people are still joining these groups due to economic and social issues. Therefore, while the Public Security Minister and the Police are going ahead with this operation, other Ministers and officials also need to address the underlying problems.

What factors have allowed underworld figures and organised criminals to operate from foreign countries?

Many underworld figures and organised criminals operate from countries like Dubai in the United Arab Emirates and Singapore. These locations are convenient for them, as they can travel there easily. To stay in other countries, they should secure political asylum. They often file a petition against the Police or the Government of Sri Lanka and submit it to the authorities in the foreign country. This petition can help them get a visa to stay there. In this case, the human rights violations in Sri Lanka play an important role. International reports have documented how the Police and other Government agencies have violated human rights. When a petition seeking political asylum aligns with these reports, foreign countries often accept it. Additionally, Sri Lanka's administrative and security systems are failing, and many high-ranking officials are corrupt. Every institution like the Department of the Registration of Persons, the Department of Immigration and Emigration, and the Airports have officers who value money over their professional ethics and integrity. This corruption makes it easy for underworld members to avoid Sri Lankan laws and get the support to escape to foreign countries.

What are the shortcomings in law enforcement regarding suspects involved in underworld activities and organised crime?

A major shortcoming in law enforcement when dealing with underworld activities and organised crime is how the Police handle information related to crime investigations. They often reveal too much to the media, including newspapers and television (TV) channels, which can be harmful to the investigation. This public disclosure makes it easier for the criminals to evade the law. For example, in the murder of Club Wasantha, people have already seen many details of the case through various media before it even reaches court. This situation benefits both the suspects and their lawyers, as they can use this information to their advantage. In other countries, after a crime happens, the media initially reports the incident, and then the court's verdict on the case. Investigations in these countries are conducted in a way that does not influence the fairness of the trial for either the accused or the complainant.

It is alleged that the law is not enforced against high-profile individuals involved in underworld activities. What are your thoughts on that allegation?

Yes, it is true. Many people involved in these activities are in various fields such as politics, the security forces, Government institutions, and the business sector. So, how can the law be enforced against them? Recently, there have been many incidents of issuing two national identity cards and two passports to the same person, but have any officials been arrested? No. It cannot be done, because, if you start doing that, even the top leaders of the country will have to be questioned. They are also related to these events in some way. That is why the relevant authorities do not go too far and get rid of the criminals in some way. That is where all the investigations come to an end. Changing this system is not an easy task.

Are the existing drug rehabilitation programmes in the country effective enough?

Young people often fall victim to the drug menace. They have various needs; they like to dress nicely, buy gifts for their girlfriends, and drive vehicles, but they have no means to fulfil those needs. As a result, they live under pressure. To escape that pressure, they are tempted to use drugs. Although people who use these drugs undergo rehabilitation, they return to their usual environment without any chance to build a better life. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the abilities of these young people and create programs to direct them to jobs and provide educational opportunities for those who excel academically.

What are the shortcomings in the media reporting of the underworld and organised crime?

I believe that it is wrong for the media to report in detail how an incident happened. It is not appropriate to sensationalise serious incidents just to boost the popularity of a newspaper, a TV channel, or a social media platform. By doing so, people get the wrong idea. I am not saying that individuals involved in underworld activities, including organised crime and drug trafficking, are influenced by reading newspapers or watching TV. The problem is the spread of misleading ideas through unnecessary publicity. It would be better if information related to investigations were reported only to the extent necessary. Often, very sensitive information is disseminated by the media even before the relevant reports are received. This is highly inappropriate and obstructs the process of justice. To prevent such situations, the Police and investigative departments have a significant responsibility.

Some petty criminals who go to jail come out as large-scale criminals. How important is the introduction of prison reforms in this situation?

In fact, I see the very concept of prisons in Sri Lanka as a failure. Imprisonment should be an opportunity for offenders to rehabilitate rather than a form of punishment, but, in Sri Lanka, it's like sending guilty people to hell. Prison should be a place where offenders can place their lives back on track. Instead, they endure extremely difficult conditions with minimal facilities and suffer from diseases like skin infections in prisons. I've seen drug addicts incarcerated with organised criminals, leading to the drug addicts coming out as organised criminals themselves. The organised criminals can expand their operations within the prisons. There are others who have been imprisoned for a long time simply because they cannot pay fines, causing them to associate with criminals and eventually become criminals themselves. Therefore, it is crucial to provide long-term solutions to such problems through a well-planned prison reform programme.

What is the tendency of women in families of underworld figures to be involved in illegal activities?

While there are women who try to guide their husbands away from underworld activities, we often see the opposite. Many wives of such individuals end up adjusting to their husband's lifestyle. Unfortunately, this often leads these women to a very sad fate. They must understand that it is more important for all of us to live well and make the right choices. If we don’t, we cannot expect society to view us favourably when we face unfortunate situations.

What is the effect on non-criminals in such families?

Children from these families often face very difficult circumstances. They endure various forms of discrimination and hardship due to their father's criminal activities, which sometimes leads them to follow similar paths. Many of these children seek to escape the associated social stigma by moving abroad. Unfortunately, the majority struggle to achieve a stable and successful life in society. Only a small number manage to complete their education and build a positive future.

What are the reasons for the proliferation of underworld activities in the Western and Southern Provinces?

The origins of underworld activities can be traced back to Colombo, where the problem is most pronounced. Cities like Colombo, Negombo, Galle, and Matara, popular with tourists, have become hubs for drug trafficking, nightlife, and illicit businesses such as brothels. Additionally, drugs are smuggled into the country via illegal boats, and criminals often escape across the sea to other countries. These areas also host many of the nation's main economic centres and politicians, which further contributes to the rise of underworld activities. The combination of tourism, economic significance, and political presence makes these regions particularly susceptible to such problems.

Lawyers who appear before courts for various criminals are facing criticism these days. What are your thoughts on it?

It is important to offer constructive criticism of lawyers or any other parties involved, but, making baseless accusations is counterproductive. If lawyers have overstepped their professional boundaries and assisted criminals to flee the country or evade the law, they should be thoroughly investigated, and appropriate legal actions should be taken. However, simply making critical comments without substantiated evidence does not contribute to resolving the issue. What is important is to address these concerns through proper channels rather than through unverified accusations.

(The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect those of this publication)