In the heart of Sri Lanka, amidst a tranquil landscape and close to the Kala Wewa (reservoir), stands a monument of unparalleled magnificence –  the Avukana Buddha statue. This majestic figure, steeped in legend and lore, transcends mere sculpture to embody the essence of timeless artistry. Songs have been sung in homage to its splendour, and countless tales spun around its serene presence. 

As one approaches the location, the beauty of the surrounding environment seems to pay homage to its grandeur. Delicate designs adorn its form, where each beautiful carving acts as a testament to the skill and devotion of its creator. But, it is in the gaze of the Buddha that true magic resides; no matter which angle one looks from, the eyes of the Avukana Buddha statue seem to meet yours, imbuing the beholder with a sense of profound connection. This indeed is a work of art that transcends time and space, a masterpiece that whispers tales of spiritual depth and exquisite craftsmanship to all who pause to admire it.

The life-like figure

The statue stands 11.84 metres (m) in height. When the pedestal is included, the total height is over 14 m. It is carved from a large single granite rock face, and clearly showcases the remarkable skills of the ancient craftsmen who were able to transform a massive granite boulder into a detailed and life-like figure. The statue was set within a large image house or shrine, of which, parts of the lower walls remain.

The name ‘Avukana’ translates to ‘sun eating’ in Sinhala, reflecting the statue's majestic presence as it faces the rising sun each morning. This unique orientation, capturing the first rays of dawn, is believed to symbolise enlightenment, which adds a spiritual radiance to the already awe-inspiring monument.

According to some commentators, the Avukana Buddha statue is believed to have been constructed in the 5th century, during the reign of King Dhatusena. This Sri Lankan King is famous for the construction of the Kala Wewa in 460 Anno Domini. Legend holds that when asked about his wealth, King Dhatusena had pointed to the Kala Wewa, signifying that the reservoir and its benefits to his people, were his true treasures. However, some scholars such as the prominent South Asian art historian, Diran K. Dohanian, suggests that the statue is of 8th century in origin. This is based on stylistic comparisons with other Buddha statues that have been made during different time periods.

The statue's rediscovery in the 19th century brought it back into the spotlight after being shrouded in jungle growth for many years. British colonial explorers, fascinated by the island's ancient heritage, stumbled upon this colossal statue during their expeditions. Their accounts and subsequent preservation efforts ensured that the Avukana Buddha was recognised and revered once again as a national treasure, preserving its legacy for future generations.

Mixture of arts

The Avukana Buddha statue exhibits a unique blend of artistic influences. These include influences of the Gandhara and Amaravati schools of art of India. The Gandhara school of art flourished from the 1st century Before the Common Era (BCE) to the 5th century Common Era (CE). It is known for its Greco-Roman artistic influences and is characterised by realistic human figures, intricate drapery, and serene expressions. The Amaravati school of art thrived between the 2nd century BCE and the 3rd century CE. This school of art had great influence on art in Sri Lanka during the Anuradhapura period and is recognised for detailed and narrative relief sculptures and for emphasising the spiritual and serene aspects of Buddhist iconography. 

The Avukana Buddha statue's posture and gestures have symbolic meaning. The Buddha is in the Asisa Mudra pose, with his right hand raised to the right shoulder and palm facing the left. This is a variation of the Abhaya Mudra pose (which symbolises protection, reassurance, and fearlessness). The raised hand is often seen as a gesture of blessing and a sign of dispelling fear.

The Avukana statue bears a close resemblance to the Maligawila statue (another remarkable standing Buddha statue in Sri Lanka). It exhibits similar stylistic features that emphasise the elegance of the robe and the serene expression of the Buddha. In addition, some legends exist regarding the Sasseruwa Buddha statue's (located at Ras Vehera, about 11 kilometres from the Town of Avukana) connection with the Avukana Buddha statue. One of these states that a master sculptor and his apprentice embarked in competition to carve the most magnificent Buddha statue. The master created the Avukana statue, while the apprentice worked on the Sasseruwa statue. The agreement was that the first person to complete their task was to inform the other by ringing a bell. The master completed the Avukana Buddha statue and on learning the news, the apprentice had discontinued his work (which could account for why the Sasseruwa Buddha statue remains in an uncompleted state). Despite his best efforts, the apprentice was not able to match the levels of perfection of his master’s work. 

Adding to the rich history and artistry of the Avukana Buddha statue, it is important to note the technical prowess required to carve such a massive figure from a single granite rock face. This impressive feat, attributed to ancient Sri Lankan artisans, showcases their advanced understanding of stonework and aesthetics. The statue's intricate details, such as the finely carved robes that appear to drape naturally over the Buddha's body, further emphasise the high level of skill involved in its creation. The realistic depiction of the folds and the delicate craftsmanship highlight the statue's significance not only as a religious symbol but also as a masterpiece of ancient engineering and art. A replica of the original Avukana Buddha statue, stands across the road from the entrance gate of the Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall in Colombo, and acts as a striking image to any person passing this location.

As tales go by…

Several other folklore and tales about the Avukana Buddha statue, adds to its mystique. One popular tale tells of a divine light that once emanated from the statue's eyes, guiding lost travellers and pilgrims during the night. Another speaks of the statue's creation being inspired by a divine dream experienced by King Dhatusena, compelling him to build a monument of such grandeur that it would stand the test of time and serve as a beacon of faith and artistry for generations to come. Another intriguing feature of the Avukana Buddha statue in recent times is the giant black bees that have made their hives within its crevices. These bees are seen as natural guardians, adding a mystical element to the statue.

The Avukana Buddha statue is a popular visitor attraction for both tourists to Sri Lanka and its local population. Its serene expression, intricate carvings, and spiritual energy, captivates any visitors and its timeless beauty continues to inspire awe and reverence among all those who visit this location.

(The writers have interests in history writing, art writing and photography)

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect those of this publication