With the introduction of Aswesuma as a brand new initiative targeting the poor and vulnerable, social protection in Sri Lanka has been a much-debated subject lately.
Aswesuma primarily intends to overcome some key weaknesses of existing social protection programmes – at least on paper – but several challenges prevail. However, opinions regarding its capabilities to accomplish this remain ambiguous. The public has been protesting the scheme, and opposition party critics have called it an unfair political gimmick. Initially scheduled for disbursement in July, the benefits for the month finally commenced distribution last Monday (28 August) for 800,000 beneficiaries.
This blog delves into the key areas that warrant clarification, with the hope that authorities will address these concerns transparently.
Eligibility and beneficiary selection
Aswesuma introduces a multi-dimensional approach to poverty assessment, a notable improvement from the family size-based method employed by its predecessor, Samurdhi. Aswesuma employs six criteria measured by 22 indicators to determine if a household is non-poor or poor and deserving of assistance. Accordingly, eligible families receive assistance under four social groups (Table 1).
Table 1 – Aswesuma beneficiary classification and amounts
Social group
Number of
beneficiaries/ families
Proposed monthly
welfare allowance per
family unit (Rs.)
Transitional (until 31 December 2023)
400,000
2,500
Vulnerable (until 31 March 2024)
400,000
5,000
Poor (for 3 years from 1 July 2023)
800,000
8,500
Severely poor (for 3 years from 1 July 2023)
400,000
15,000
Source: Gazette No. 2328/13 (21 April 2023)
Publication of Aswesuma’s initial eligibility lists sparked concerns as many households called it unfair and demanded re-evaluations. As a result, 982,770 appeals and 62,368 objections arose from the process that followed. The sizeable appeals and objections raise questions about the accuracy of the selection process. Nearly 650,000 appeals were from already approved beneficiaries requesting an upgrade to a higher allowance category. However, without information on the cut-off points for the total number of families per beneficiary category and criteria determining allowance amounts, it is difficult to draw any conclusions regarding the methodologies’ ability to identify the most deserving families. The appropriateness of certain indicators, such as those assessing the "economic level”, comes under scrutiny due to their sensitivity to fluctuations like electricity consumption patterns and inconsistent monthly incomes.
Fate of Samurdhi recipients
In 2022, Samurdhi cash transfers supported approximately 1.76 million beneficiaries. In contrast, Aswesuma aims to support 2 million beneficiaries annually. So far, Aswesuma has over 1.7 million eligible beneficiaries, of which nearly 950,000 are families that did not previously receive government welfare assistance. Over 1.28 million Samurdhi recipient households applied for Aswesuma, of which only 887,653 are eligible.
Cabinet approval was recently granted to extend Samurdhi cash transfers to 393,094 existing Samurdhi recipients unqualified for Aswesuma until the appeals and objections process concludes. Perhaps some of them will be included in Aswesuma’s final beneficiary list; however, it is unlikely that all will. Since Aswesuma attempts to correct Samurdhi’s targeting errors, understandably, some existing Samurdhi recipients are left out. However, it is important to ensure that those truly in need are included. Failure to do so will remove the support these families receive through Samurdhi and leave them without Aswesuma. Additionally, uncertainties linger for recipients who did not apply for Aswesuma (households that were unaware of the application process, missed the deadline, etc.), leaving them without any support.
Monitoring and evaluation
Aswesuma will conduct annual beneficiary evaluations to ensure support to the most deserving. While eliminating non-deserving beneficiaries (one of Samurdhi’s key weaknesses) is much needed, concerns exist as it is unclear how reassessments will occur. Conducting household surveys annually is tedious, especially considering that beneficiaries are expected to be selected for Aswesuma’s second year even before the official commencement of the first.
The transitional and vulnerable beneficiary categories only receive assistance for a short period. Given this, will new beneficiaries be added to these categories after the end of the allowance period or following yearly revaluations?
Samurdhi bank regulation
Aswesuma benefits will be dispensed as direct deposits to beneficiary bank accounts. This is only to involve banks regulated under the Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL). This approach aims to prevent third-party involvement in the process, as seen with Samurdhi, where cash transfers were done via the Samurdhi Department.
Interest has been shown to regulate Samurdhi banks and bring them under the purview of the CBSL. In this regard, discussions are underway on developing a credible system to regulate the Samurdhi banking system. Samurdhi banks established under the Samurdhi Authority Act operate as independent bodies. Hence, regulating them would likely require amendments to the Act, which is a complex and time-consuming task.
After regulation, using Samurdhi banks for the Aswesuma benefit disbursement seems like the obvious choice. Samurdhi is a familiar entity among villagers, and its widespread banking network makes it easily accessible rurally. However, the regulation has not yet been confirmed, and if it were to occur, it cannot be done within a short span of time, and hence, its ability to support Aswesuma in its initial three years is unlikely.
Continuity of Aswesuma
Attempting to correct the weaknesses of existing poverty alleviation programmes is a good starting point. However, this must be done in a logical manner. On paper, Aswesuma seems somewhat convincing, yet its practical application is to be seen.
With a three-year timeline, Aswesuma’s true impact on poverty alleviation remains uncertain. Whether the programme will be extended or if Aswesuma will conclude as a short-term relief initiative and be replaced with a new long-term poverty-targeted programme remains undisclosed.
Nonetheless, the success or failure of Aswesuma depends not on its ability to provide temporary relief but on whether it helps families graduate from poverty. Ultimately, the focus of any poverty-targeted programme should be to strive towards poverty alleviation. Although this is a long-term goal, benefits received through Aswesuma should at least push recipients toward improving their lives and livelihoods. Aswesuma should have a mechanism to support families in discontinuing their reliance on government assistance. Irrespective of whether this is done through Aswesuma or Samurdhi, it is important to communicate these plans with all relevant parties clearly.
Aswesuma’s continuity involves better information dissemination to avoid confusion among recipients, policymakers, and implementers. Flexibility will be key as this is undoubtedly a learning experience with corrective measures to be taken along the way. As the scheme encountered several practical challenges during implementation, addressing them and providing the first instalment to the most deserving families is of utmost importance now.
(Lakshila Wanigasinghe is a Research Officer at the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka [IPS] currently working in the area of poverty and social welfare research. Her research interests include education, poverty, health, development, and social welfare, as well as topics relating to law and economics. [lakshila@ips.lk])
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect those of this publication.